Indigenous Beverage Production and Economic Empowerment of Rural Women in Rwanda

Main Article Content

Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu
Vedaste Ndungutse
Salomon Nshimyimana

Abstract

Across sub-Saharan Africa, indigenous non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages are produced from locally available materials such as cereals, fresh milk, fruits, and vegetables. Women are usually the custodians of the indigenous technology needed to produce indigenous beverages. If properly harnessed, indigenous beverage production can grant rural women the economic power needed to enable them to realize their potential. This paper examines four beverages in Rwanda produced with the use of indigenous technology. The study looks at how the indigenous technology-based production of beverages created from banana and sorghum contributes to increased income and enhanced access for rural women. It also explores trends, challenges, and opportunities in improving the economic situation of rural women who are engaged in such business in Rwanda. The aim is to determine the contribution of this sector to the economic empowerment of rural women and how existing institutions and practices impede or create conditions for further advancement.

Article Details

Section
Peer Reviewed

References

Aka, S., F. Camara, Y.Z. Nanga, Y. G. Loukou, and K.M. Dje. 2008. "Evaluation of Organic Acids and Sugars Contents During the Production of Tchapalo, a Traditional Sorghum Beer in Côte d'Ivoire." J. Food Technol 6(5): 189-195.

Aka, S., G. Konan, G. Fokou, M. K. Dje, and B. Bonfoh. 2014. "Review on African Traditional Cereal Beverages." American Journal of Research Communication 2(5): 106.

Ana, R., and S. Sudhir. 2012. "Empowering Women in Smart Economics." Finance and Development 49(1): 40-43.

Aworh, O. C. 2008. "The Role of Traditional Food Processing Technologies in National Development: The West African Experience. Using Food Science and Technology to Improve Nutrition and Promote National Development." International Union of Food Science & Technology.

Byaruhanga, F. 2016. "Umuganura: Celebrating Rwanda's Cultural Values." The New Times. August 8, 2016. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/202421.

Djè, Y., M. Heuertz, C. Lefèbvre, and X.Vekemans. 2000. "Assessment of Genetic Diversity within and among Germplasm Accessories in Cultivated Sorghum Using Microsatellite Markers." Theor Appl Genet: 918-925.

FAO. 2011. Spatial Analysis of Woodfuel Production and Consumption in Rwanda Applying the Woodfuel Integrated Supply/Demand Overview Mapping (WISDOM) Methodology. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization.

Fletschner, D., and K. L. Kenney. 2011. "Rural Women's Access to Financial Services: Credit, Savings and Insurance." ESA Working Paper No. 11-07 (Agricultural Development Economics Division of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations): 1-28.

Gaidashova, S. V., S. O. Okech, C. S. Gold, and I. Nyagahungu. 2005. "Why Bananas? The Case for Rwanda." The International Journal on Banana and Plantain 14(1): 2.

Gorjestani, N. 2000. Indigenous Knowledge for Development: Opportunities and Challenge. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Henning, R. K. 2002. "Using the Indigenous Knowledge of Jatropha: The Use of Jatropha Curcas Oil as Raw Material and Fuel." IK Notes, No. 47. Africa Region's Knowledge and Learning Center.

IEA. 2016. World Energy Outlook. Paris: International Energy Agency.

Kagame, A. 1972. Un Abrégé de l'Ethno-histoire du Rwanda Tome Premier. Huye: Université Nationale du Rwanda.

Kanyana, I., E. Ouma, and P. V. Asten. 2013. "Quality Assessment of Banana Juice and Beer in Rwanda." Journal of Food Technology 11(2): 42.

Kirubi, C., A. Jacobson, D. Kammen, and A. Mills. 2008. "Community-based Electric Microgrids Can Contribute to Rural Development: Evidence from Kenya." World Development 37(7): 1208–1221.

Lily, B. 2003. "Taxing the Poor: Income Averaging Considered." Harvard Journal on Legislation 40: 398-451.

Lusardi, A., and O. Mitchell. 2011. Financial Literacy Around the World: An Overview. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Lyumugabe, F., J. Gros, J. Nzungize, E. Bajyana, and P. Thonart. 2012. "Characteristics of African Traditional Beers Brewed with Sorghum Malt: A Review." Biotechnol.Agron.Soc.Environ 16(4): 1.

Markel, E., and L. Jones. 2014. Women's Economic Empowerment: Pushing the Frontiers of Inclusive Market Development. Washington, DC: USAID.

MINAGRI. 2009. Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda - Phase II (PSTA II) Final Report. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources.

Monang, S. B. 2011. "Microbiological and Chemical Characterization of Ting, a Sorghu-based Gluten-Free Fermented Cereal Product from Botswana." PhD Thesis. Canada: University of Alberta.

Mucavele, Saquina. 2017. "The Role of Rural Women in Agriculture." World Farmers' Organisation. Accesed March 3, 2017. http://www.wfo-oma.org/women-in-agriculture/articles/the-role-of-rural-women-in-agriculture.html.

Musahara, H., B. Nyamulinda, C. Bizimana, and T. Niyonzima. 2014. "Land Use Consolidation and Poverty Reduction in Rwanda." Integrating Land Governance into the Post-2015 Agenda: Harnessing Synergies for Implementation and Monitoring Impact. Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. March 24-27. Washington DC: World Bank.

Niyibigira, Theogene, Kahiu Ngugi, Santie de Villiers, Dan Kiambi, Eunice Mutitu, Sarah Osama, Abigail J. Ngugi, Mohamed Abdalla, Rasha Ali, Charles Mugoya, Clet Masiga, Daphrose Gahakwa. 2013. "Introgressing Striga Resistance from a Mapped Donor Source into a Rwandan Adapted Sorghum Variety." Journal of Renewable Agriculture 1(1):6-10.

Nsabimana, A., G. Nantale, D. Karamura, and J. V. Staden. 2008. "Banana Cultivar Distribution in Rwanda." African Crop Science Journal 16(1): 2.

NSW Food Authority. 2010. Shelf Life Testing: "Use-by" Date for Food Safety. Australia: New South Wales Food Authority. http://www.foodauthority.nsw.gov.au.

Nwachukwu, E, O.K. Achi, and I.O. Ijeoma. 2010. "Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fermentation of Cereals for the Production of Indigenous Nigerian Foods." African Journal of Food Science and Technology 1(2): 021-026.

Olatokun, W. M., and O. Ayanbode. 2009. "Use of Indigenous Knowledge by Women in a Nigerian Rural Community." Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8(2): 287-295.

O'Neill, P. 2011. "The Problem with Rural Transport is That it is Rural, the Solution is in Branding." Transport for Development, World Bank Group. Retrieved March 6, 2017.

http://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/the-problem-with-rural-transport-is-that-it-is-rural-the-solution-is-in-branding.

Ozturk, I. 2010. "A Literature Survey on Energy-growth Nexus." Energy Policy 38: 340–349.

REG. 2014. Biogas Project Brief. Rwanda: Rwanda Energy Group, Energy Development Corporation Limited.

Senanayake, S.G.J.N. 2006. "Indigenous Knowledge as a Key to Sustainable Development." Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka 2(1): 87–94.

Wolde-Rufael, Y. 2009. "Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Experience of African Countries Revisited." Energy Economics 31(2): 217–224.

World Bank. 1998. Indigenous Knowledge for Development: A Framework for Action.Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank. 2011. The World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank. 2012. Establishing a Green Charcoal Value Chain in Rwanda: A Feasibility Study. Washington DC: World Bank.

World Bank. 2016. Africa's Pulse – An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa's Economic Future. Washington, DC: World Bank.