Abstract
When John Kane crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1880, he became part of the wave of migrants who flooded the United States in the closing decades of the 19th century. Some, like Kane, followed family, but increasingly others fled oppression or substandard living conditions in their home countries. Kane left Scotland, where he had a secure job, largely at the behest of his mother, who urged him to join his stepfather and brother Patrick who had settled outside Pittsburgh in Braddock.
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